In the meantime, he released his first solo album, The Autobiography of Mistachuck, in 1996, and published the book version of his autobiography the following year. Muse Sick-N-Hour Mess AgeMuse Sick-N-Hour Mess Age (1994) found the group’s status slipping, and the following year Chuck put PE on hiatus while planning its next move. He became an in-demand speaker on the college lecture circuit (much like his peer KRS-One), and was frequently invited to provide commentary on TV news programs. as one of the most intelligent, articulate spokesmen for the black community. But on the whole, Public Enemy’s groundbreaking body of work established Chuck D. There were storms of controversy along the way, most notably Chuck D.’s endorsement of the polarizing Muslim minister Louis Farrakhan, and group member Professor Griff’s highly publicized anti-Semitic slurs. Fear of a Black Planet (1990) and its follow-up, Apocalypse ’91…The Enemy Strikes Black, consolidated Public Enemy’s position as the most important rap group of its time. Released in 1988, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back was acclaimed by many critics as the greatest Hip Hop album of all time, and was instrumental in breaking rap music to white, alternative rock audiences. Public Enemy debuted in 1987 with Yo! Bum Rush the Show, a dry run for one of the greatest three-album spans in Hip Hop history. assembled Public Enemy, a group designed to support the force of his rhetoric with noisy, nearly avant-garde soundscapes. In response, the now simply named Chuck D. 1,” which caught the interest of Rick Rubin at Def Jam. Under the name Chuckie D, he rapped on Shocklee’s demo recording, “Public Enemy No. While in school, he put his talents to use making promotional flyers for Hip Hop events, and went on to co-host a Hip Hop mix show on the campus radio station with two future Public Enemy cohorts, Bill Stephney and Hank Shocklee. His parents were both political activists, and he was a highly intelligent student, turning down an architecture scholarship to study graphic design at Long Island’s Adelphi University. was born Carlton Douglas Ridenhour in Roosevelt, Long Island, on August 1, 1960. He redefined Hip Hop as music with a message, and his strident radicalism ushered in an era when rap was closely scrutinized for its content although rap’s primary concerns have changed over the years, its status as America’s most controversial art form has only gotten stronger since Public Enemy hit the scene. is one of the most colossal figures in the history of Hip Hop, not to mention its most respected intellectual.
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